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Known in ancient times as Tauris,
the peninsula was the home of the Cimmerian people, called
the Tauri. Expelled from the steppe by the Scythians in the 7th
cent. B.C., they founded (5th cent. B.C.) the kingdom of Cimmerian
Bosporus, which later came under Greek influence. Ionian and
Dorian Greeks began to colonize the coast in the 6th cent.,
and the peninsula became the major source of wheat for ancient Greece.
In the 1st cent. B.C., the kingdom of Pontus began to rule
the Greek part of the peninsula, which became a Roman protectorate
in the 1st cent. A.D. During the next millennium the area was
overrun by Ostrogoths, Huns, Khazars, Cumans, and in 1239,
by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Meanwhile, the southern
shore was mostly under Byzantine control from the 6th to the
12th cent. |
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Trade relations were established (11th–13th cent.)
with Kievan Rus, and in the 13th cent. Genoa founded
prosperous coastal commercial settlements. After Timur's destruction
of the Golden Horde, the Tatars established (1475)
an independent khanate in N and central Crimea. In the late 15th
cent. both the khanate and the southern coastal towns were conquered
by the Ottoman Empire; the Turks called the peninsula
Crimea. Although they became Turkish vassals, the Crimean Tatars
were powerful rulers who became the scourge of Ukraine and
Poland, exacted tribute from the Russian czars, and
raided Moscow as late as 1572.
Russian armies first invaded the Crimea in 1736.
Empress Catherine II forced Turkey to recognize the khanate's
independence in 1774, and in 1783 she annexed it outright;
the annexation was confirmed by the Treaty of Jassy (1792).
Many Tatars, with their Muslim religion and Turkic language, emigrated
to Turkey, while Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Germans,
Armenians, and Greeks settled in the Crimea. During the Crimean
War (1853–56), parts of the remaining Tatar population
were resettled in the interior of Russia.
After the Bolshevik Revolution (1917) an independent
Crimean republic was proclaimed; but the region was soon occupied
by German forces and then became a refuge for the White
Army. In 1921 a Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic was created; Tatars then constituted about 25% of the
population. During World War II, German invaders took
the Crimea after an eight-month siege. Accused by the Soviet
government of collaborating with the Germans, the Crimean Tatars
were forcibly removed from their homeland after the war and
resettled in distant parts of the Asian USSR. The republic itself
was dissolved (1945) and made into a region of the Russian
Soviet Federated Socialist Republic; in 1954 it was transferred
to Ukraine. In 1989, some of the Tatars began to return
from their exile in Siberia.
In 1991, President Mikhail Gorbachev was vacationing
in Crimea at the time of the August Coup. Following
the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine
engaged in negotiations over the possession of Crimea and the disposition
of the former Soviet fleet based in the Black Sea. In 1992
there was an abortive attempt by the Russian-dominated Crimean government
to declare independence. Elected Crimea's first president in
1994, Yuri Meshkov called for the rejoining of the Crimea with
Russia. In 1995, Crimea's government was placed under national
control and Meshkov was ousted, but its assembly was retained. An
accord the same year between Ukraine and Russia called for the division
of the Black Sea fleet, and in 1997 it was agreed
that Russia would be allowed to base its portion of the fleet there
for 20 years.
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